(AM) are terminologies that are often used interchangeably for broad range of healthcare practices, theory, service delivery and systems in both Eastern and Western parts of the world (including for Ayurvedic Medicine, naturopathy, traditional , Chinese medicine and homeopathy etc.)that have developed separately from the conventional system of medicine. These system all put together are referred to as Traditional and complementary Medicine.
India has rich culture of T&CM, therefore used interchangeably, the alternative system of medicine (AMS), which include both both Indian/indigenous system i.e., Ayurveda and Siddha as well as those not originated in India ,i.e.,Homeopathy.
The history of medicine indicates that almost every major civilization and culture had developed their own system for curing diseases, through the approaches varied. From the very beginning of the human civilization, there has been an interest in controlling diseases, ensuring good health and prolonging life. Medicine in ancient form was practiced in all societies and civilizations-Ezyptian, Chinese, Indians, Mesopotamian, Greek, Roman and Arab/Unani--and is referred to and recognized by the name of the civilization. The early medicine practices, around 3000 BC started independently in every culture, which then started in every culture, which then started influencing each other starting 200 BC, with a major convergence around 800 AD on wards with the evolution of Arab Medicine. The dawn of science or modern medicine started in the mid of the 15th century. It evolved on the foundation created by the ancient systems of medicine over a period of 4500 years (2500 BC- 1500 AD). In the mid of the twentieth century, the stream of medicine based upon the concept of 'treatment of disease by the use of drug which produce a reaction that itself neutralizes the disease condition or disease condition or disease causing agents'started getting popular and is now known as Allopathy or Allopathic Medicine. Allopathy is the most commonly used system of medicine in India and most other parts of the world. Most often, it is Allopathic medicine compared to with other systems are treated as traditional, complementary or alternative systems of medicine.
In the last three decades, there have been focused initiatives to mainstream traditional and alternative system of medicine in healthcare services in India. The first full-flaged department for Indian System of Medicine and Homeopathy (ISM&H) was created under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, in March 1995 to promote and regulate the practice of a;ternative system of medicine in the country. This development was, in November 2003, renamed as Department of Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homeopathy (AYUSH). A fully independent Ministry of AYUSH was formed in November 2014. In 2002, the Government of India also formulated the National Policy on India System of Medicine and Homeopathy.
Sustained effort over the years have resulted in an increased availability of providers in alternative systems of medicine. By the end of March 2017 there were 3,943 hospitals and 27,698 dispensaries under AYUSH systems, under different administrative controls ranging from State and Union goverments, local bodies and others( i.e. Central Government Health Service(CGHS), Railway, Coal and Labour Ministry and also run by research councils and national institutes). In March 2018, there were 773,668 already registered AYUSH practitioners, most of them being in Ayurveda followed by Homeopathy. There were 662 institutions offering under-graduate courses ( annual intake of 40,151) in AYUSH systems.
The current National Health Policies of India has proposed functional linking of AYUSH at all levels of healthy systems, including service delivery as well as work force. The policy proposal focuses on including of Yoga at work place, in schools and in the communication as an important form of promoting health and wellness. The utilization of AYUSH services, range from 5-10 percent of total health service utilization with variamtions across India states (Government of India, 2014). In the year 2015-16, people in India spent around INR 63,000 crore on AYUSH health service (public and private sector put together ), which amounts to nearly 12 percent of total of total health expenditure of INR 528,484 crore in the country as reported in National Health Account (MOHFW,2018).
Discussion and Way Forward
The Current and perfected increasing burden of chronic and Non-Communication Disease (NCDs) is often considered the most urgent reason for developing and strengthening collaboration between conventional and T&CM health sectors. The study of state level burden of diseases in India has highlighted the emerging burden of NCDs, which mandates higher provision of preventive and promotive health services, along with curative and diagnostic services. Many T&CM(especially Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy ) largely focus on principle of wellness and health promotion. There is a vast infrastructure and plenty of plenty of providers in these systems and it is a great opportunity to tackle NCDs as well as other emerging health challenges in the country.
The global evidence has pointed towards the need for task shifting (assigning some of the tasks done by allopathic doctors to other cadres of healthcare provides), in health systems. A lot of such approaches are the standard of care in many resources poor settings and countries. The poor setting and countries. The discourse is aligned with dialogue for moving from 'doctor-centric' a 'team-based ' approach to health service delivery, where each type of provider ( doctors, nurse, alternative system of medicine, pharmacist, counsellor) play different and complementary roles. MLHP under HWCs,yet more is needed and is possible through engagement of already available human resources under alternative systems of medicine in delivery of personal, population and public health services.
The ongoing initiatives at all levels need support through government leadership and financing. The research on different aspect of T&CM and the use of proven methods and approaches need to be promoted in addition to ensuring the available.
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